Late Quaternary history of paleoseismic activity along the Hohhot Segmentof the Daqingshan piedmont faultin Hetao depression zone, North China

The Daqingshan Piedmont Fault (DPF) is one of the major active normal faults in the Hetao depression zone in the northern part of Ordos Block, North China. It extends in NEE direction along the Daqingshan piedmont zone in the eastern part of the depression, dipping to the south, for a length of 223 km. The fault formed in the Eocene and underwent strong movement during the Cenozoic time. Its vertical displacement amplitude has exceeded 2400 m since the Quaternary. The fault can be divided into 5 active segments. Paleoseismological studies were concentrated on its western part from Baotou to Tumdzuoqi whereas the Hohhot Segment to the east was scarcely studied. To fill this gap of knowlegde, the authors carried out in-depth study on the Daqingshan piedmont fault during recent years. Excavation of trenches at Kuisu, Ulanblang, and Bakouzi sites on the Hohhot Segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault and study of geomorphic surfaces allow us to identify and date paleoearthquakes and to evaluate the completeness of paleoseismic activity history. This was done both for the individual sites and for the entire segment since the Late Quaternary using the «method for displacement confining» along the fault and «method for correlation between multiple trenches». In this paper we present the geological loggings of two trenches at Kuisu site, provide the evidence for 6 events since 19 ka BP and the cumulative displacement amount produced by them is around 7 m. But the cumulative displacement amount obtained from difference in heights of geomorphic surfaces is 5.??.5.5 m. Results of tests using the method of displacement confining show that the event sequence revealed at this site can be considered complete. The data supplemented with information obtained in the Ulanblang and Bakouzi trenches show that 7 paleoseismic events occurred on the Hohhot Fault Segment since 19 ka BP, i.e. they occurred at 18.75 ± 0.75 ka, 16.97 ± ± 0.96 ka, 14.65 ± 0.67 ka, 11.82 ± 0.69 ka, 9.45 ± 0.26 ka, 6.83 ± 0.26 ka, and 4.50 ± 0.23 ka BP, respectively, and the average recurrence interval is 2.375 ± 0.432 ka. These results basically reflects the history of paleoseismic activity on the fault segment in this period of time

The Congestion Evolution of Jingzang Expressway and the Analysis on Participants’ Behavior

Road transportation networks are experiencing ever growing recurrent congestion and non-recurrent in developing China, which is a concurrent event. This paper takes Jingzang Expressway(G6) as an example, describes the saturation flow along the G6 compared with its designed capacity by the actual volume of each segment according to the density and structural characteristics of cars and trucks, and presents the congestion evolution in the past three years. Then provide inharmonious surveillance analysis among regions along this highway and game behavior between administers and carriers based on cost analysis. Finally, we point out that congestion is not only the road itself problems but also a social system problem, which should be transformed in the long term. Now we can apply some Intelligent Transport System to mitigate congestion

Features and clinical significance of the ossification centres in the odontoid process based on micro-computed tomography

Background: Microscopic structures of the ossification centres of the odontoid process were studied from the micro-computed tomography (CT) images of the axis, and the potential influence of the ossification centres with different microscopic structures on odontoid process fractures was analysed.Materials and methods: Eighteen odontoid process specimens were randomly collected and scanned by micro-CT. The obtained images were then input into the software for further observation and measurement. Incomplete absorption of the ossification centres in the base was observed, along with the anatomic structure of the regions with incomplete ossification and structural parameters of the trabecular bones.Results: The microscopic structures of the trabecular bones in the ossification centres in the base of the odontoid process could be clearly visualised from the micro-CT images. Among the 18 odontoid process specimens, 11 specimens were found with incomplete absorption of the ossification centres in the axis, the prevalence reaching up to 61%. Regions with incomplete ossification varied in size and morphology, and their three-dimensional morphology was predominantly oval. Of all structural parameters examined for the trabecular bones, there were only significant differences in the degree of anisotropy between the regions with incomplete absorption of ossification centres and the average vertebral trabecularbones (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Incomplete absorption of the ossification centres in the base of the odontoid process is a relatively prevalent condition. The cavitation effect of the trabecular bones may be the primary cause for odontoid process fractures

Characteristics, Evolution, and Lateral Variation of Lower Cretaceous Supradetachment Basins in the Daqing Shan, Inner Mongolia, China

Lower Cretaceous basins associated with the Hohhot detachment in the Daqing Shan of Inner Mongolia, China, allow us to better understand the tectonic evolution of extensional basins formed in association with detachment faulting and metamorphic core complex formation. The six basins, informally named N1, N2, S1, S2, S3, and S4, are located in different structural settings, or depozones, throughout the detachment-metamorphic core complex setting, and although all basins are consistent with previously proposed models for supradetachment basin sedimentation, second-order variability in sedimentary style is exerted by these distinct structural settings. The basins are composed of coarse, predominantly footwall derived, conglomerate deposited by masswasting and alluvial fan processes. Paleocurrent direction is generally southerly, indicating transverse transport away from the bounding detachment fault. Two of the basins, N2 and S3, provide us with an understanding of the temporal evolution of supradetachment basins in the upper plate of a metamorphic core complex. These basins were joined in their early stages, but were later separated as extensional unroofing exhumed the lower plate of the core complex and folded the master detachment fault, causing it to propagate a new splay to the surface. Continued extension was accommodated on this new splay, allowing for continued deposition of Lower Cretaceous strata above the detachment fault on the southern flank of the Daqing Shan antiform. Another basin, S2, displays the same stratigraphy and records a similar evolution, but we speculate that it formed separately in a primary corrugation of the master detachment fault. The only unit exposed in basin S4, located near the eastern end of the detachment, is the uppermost unit. Paleocurrent and provenance data are similar to other basins. Thus, it strongly resembles the other basins in spite of the magnitude of extension. Basin S1 is located in an intra-hanging wall setting and resembles the other basins with the exception of a centrally located fine-grained interval. Basin N1 was filled by similar depositional processes, but the proportions of fill that these processes are responsible for is variable in comparison to the other Lower Cretaceous basins in the Daqing Shan. This study establishes that the basins described are all of similar geometry and depositional style, and that supradetachment basins of this style may occur in various positions within a detachment-metamorphic core complex setting, regardless of proximity to the exhumed metamorphic core and magnitude of extension

Dynamic Generation and Editing System for Wrongly Written Chinese Characters Font

The uniqueness of Chinese makes Chinese language a hotspot in language learning. In view of the problem of wrongly written character teaching in Chinese language teaching, it provides a simple, convenient, and efficient input method of wrongly written characters and realizes a dynamic generation and editing system for wrongly written Chinese character font, which solves the problems of real-time edit, coding, and input of wrongly written character in editing process using dynamic editing technology, and provides a convenient input method of wrongly written character in editing, printing, typesetting, and the research of digital Chinese language teaching. This method can also be used in dynamic editing, generation and processing of ancient variants, Oracle bone inscriptions, Bronze inscription, folk combined characters, and other fonts

Modelling the Passenger Choice Behaviour of Buying High-Speed Railway Tickets

Passenger choice behaviour of buying tickets has a great impact on the high-speed rail (HSR) revenue management. It is very critical to find out the sensitive factors that prevent passengers with high willingness to pay for a ticket from buying low-price tickets. The literature on passenger choice behaviour mainly focuses on travel mode choice, choice between a conventional train and a high-speed train and choice among high-speed trains. To extend the literature and serve revenue management, this paper investigates passenger choice behaviour of buying high-speed railway tickets. The data were collected by the stated preference (SP) survey based on Beijing-Hohhot high-speed railway. The conditional logit model was established to analyse influencing factors for business travel and non-business travel. The results show that: business passengers have the higher inherent preference for full-price tickets, while non-business passengers have the higher inherent preference for discount tickets; the number of days booked in advance and frequent passenger points have a significant impact on the ticket choice of business travellers, but not on non-business travellers; passengers are unwilling to buy tickets that depart after 16:00 for non-business travel; factors have different effects on the passengers\u27 choice in business travel and non-business travel. The results can provide parameters for revenue management models and references for the ticket-product design

A Prediction Model for Ultra-Short-Term Output Power of Wind Farms Based on Deep Learning

The output power prediction of wind farm is the key to effective utilization of wind energy and reduction of wind curtailment. However, the prediction of output power has long been a difficulty faced by both academia and the wind power industry, due to the high stochasticity of wind energy. This paper attempts to improve the ultra-short-term prediction accuracy of output power in wind farm. For this purpose, an output power prediction model was constructed for wind farm based on the time sliding window (TSW) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Firstly, the wind power data from multiple sources were fused, and cleaned through operations like dimension reduction and standardization. Then, the cyclic features of the actual output powers were extracted, and used to construct the input dataset by the TSW algorithm. On this basis, the TSW-LSTM prediction model was established to predict the output power of wind farm in ultra-short-term. Next, two regression evaluation metrics were designed to evaluate the prediction accuracy. Finally, the proposed TSW-LSTM model was compared with four other models through experiments on the dataset from an actual wind farm. Our model achieved a super-high prediction accuracy 92.7% as measured by d_MAE, an evidence of its effectiveness. To sum up, this research simplifies the complex prediction features, unifies the evaluation metrics, and provides an accurate prediction model for output power of wind farm with strong generalization ability

En studie av "Village Milking Centre" i Kina

The aim of the study was to compile and evaluate Village Milking Centre (VMC) in China for DeLaval. VMC is a centre provided with milking machines and bulk milk coolers. Local farmers bring their cows to the VMC two to three times per day. Earlier there was Milk Collecting Centres (MCC) where the farmers delivered the milk. The first VMC was instituted about ten years ago, it has been a rapid development of VMC and today there are more than 3000. The last 20 years the dairy production in China has experienced a large change. In the past it was dominated by state-owned dairy operations. Year 2000 smallholder dairy farms accounted for about 77% of the total number of dairy cows. Dairy production is a labour-consuming industry and it has an important role for the rural development and more and more farmers are interested in dairy cows. The reason for the fast development of the dairy industry in China is that the government have put emphasises on the dairy production and they have implemented promotional programmes for milk consumption. One programme is the "School milk" programme which is targeted at more than 400 million children and teenagers. Many children and teenagers in China have deficiency of protein and calcium. The school milk programme have resulted in that the nutritional condition of the students and pupils have improved. An interview study was made with the help of prepared questionnaires. Together with a translator and DeLaval servicemen 16 VMC were visited, 16 managers/owners and 67 farmers were interviewed. Two dairy processors were visited and five DeLaval servicemen interviewed. Except for the questionnaires a "check list" about things that should be studied was used. Milk samples for analyses of milk somatic cell count (SCC) were taken at every VMC. A camera for documentation was also brought to all VMCs. All VMCs participating in this study was established between 1999 and 2004. The number of households for each VMC ranged between 20 and 300 with an average of 77. Positive things with the VMCs were that the farmers had got less work and better economy. There are many new farmers that want to test dairy production because of a more safe income and investment in dairy cattle seems to be a good business. Because VMC and dairy industry in China still is in its beginning it is defective and there are several steps that need to be done to secure a safe milk quality, especially if the milk consumption will continue to increase. The hygiene and the service of the milking machines were deficient at all the places visited. The average SCC for the bulk tank milk for all VMCs was 1 455 000/ml and that indicates that the udder health was very poor for a major part of the cows. For all of the parts that in one way or another are involved in the milk production there are insufficient knowledge about dairy production, which indicates that education about milk production is needed. Very few of the managers/owner to the VMC have had dairy cows themselves and they saw the VMC as a business where they have too keep all costs as low as possible, in many cases they didn't buy detergents, spare parts and so on. In the long run this will give problem with the milk quality. The dairy production needs a quality payment system where the farmers will earn more money if they manage to produce milk of good quality. When the study was made most of the managers/owners and the farmers were paid according to milk yield.Målet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera konceptet Village Milking Centre (VMC) i Kina för DeLaval. Ett VMC är ett center med mjölknings maskiner och kyltank dit bönderna tar sina kor två eller tre gånger per dag för att få dem mjölkade. Tidigare fanns Milk Collecting Centres (MCC) dit bönderna kunde leverera mjölken efter att de mjölkat korna hemma. Det första VMC’t startade för ca tio år sedan och det har varit en snabb utveckling för VMC i Kina. Idag finns det mer än 3 000 VMC’n i Kina. De senaste 20 åren har mjölkproduktionen i Kina genomgått stora förändringar. Det har gått från stora statsägda mjölkbesättningar till småskaliga privatägda. År 2000 stod de småskaliga bönderna för nära 77 % av det totala antalet mjölkkor. För utvecklingen på den kinesiska landsbygden har mjölkproduktionen en stor roll bland annat för att det ger många arbetstillfällen. Fler och fler bönder satsar på mjölkkor i Kina. Anledningen till att mjölkproduktionen tagit sådan fart i Kina beror på en medveten politisk satsning bland annat genom att man infört ett ”skolmjölk program” där målet är att flera miljoner barn ska kunna dricka mjölk i skolan. Denna satsning beror på att många barn i Kina lider av näringsbrist och studier har visat att mjölk är en god näringskälla för skolbarnen. Med hjälp av frågeformulär utfördes en intervjustudie. Tillsammans med en tolk och en serviceman från DeLaval besöktes 16 VMC och 16 föreståndare/ägare samt 67 lantbrukare intervjuades. Dessutom besöktes två mejerier och fem DeLaval servicemän intervjuades. Förutom frågeformulären fanns också en ”checklista” över vad som skulle studeras på de olika ställena. Mjölkprov togs på alla besökta VMC för analys av antalet somatiska celler i tankmjölken. För dokumentation togs också foton på alla VMC. VMCna som deltog i studien etablerades mellan 1999 och 2004. Antalet hushåll som hade anslutit sig till ett VMC varierade mellan 20 och 300 med ett medelvärde på 77. Positiva saker som VMC hade fört med sig var att lantbrukarna har fått mindre arbete med produktionen och mer betalt för mjölken. Det är många nya lantbrukare som gett sig in i branschen för att det ger en trygg inkomst samt att det är en investering att ha kor. Positivt för mjölkkvalitén är att mjölken blir kyld direkt. Eftersom VMC och mjölkproduktionen i Kina fortfarande är i sin barndom finns det flera brister som behöver åtgärdas för att säkerställa mjölkkvalitén om mjölkkonsumtionen ska fortsätta att öka samt för att ge en säker produkt. Det fanns brister i hygien och service på de besökta ställena. Det genomsnittliga celltalet för tankmjölken var 1 455 000/ml vilket tyder på att juverhälsan var väldigt dålig hos de flesta kor. Det finns stora brister i kunskapen hos alla de parter som hanterar mjölken vilket betyder att utbildningsbehovet är stort. Det var få av föreståndarna/ägarna till VMC’na som hade haft hand om kor själva och de såg det hela som en affärsrörelse där man gjorde allt för att minska på utgifterna såsom att låta bli att köpa diskmedel, reservdelar osv. Problemen med mjölkkvalitén skulle till stor del minskas om ett betalningssystem där man tjänade på att producera mjölk av god kvalité infördes. När studien gjordes fick de allra flesta bönder och föreståndare/ägare betalt efter mängden mjölk som producerades